Antique Maps ~ David Bannister, Rare Maps, Posters, Prints

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Chapter 12

GERMANY & AUSTRIA

In the latter half of the fifteenth century Germany, though nominally still part of the Holy Roman Empire, was a fragmented land, split into a score of principalities and Imperial Cities, fiercely jealous of each other but having in common an extraordinary creative urge which produced builders of great churches and cathedrals, workers in stone and wood, metal engravers, painters and makers of scientific instruments, who were the envy of the world. Of all their achievements, the invention of movable-type printing was to have the most profound effect on human relationships. Printing industries soon grew up in many cities, including Nuremberg and Augsburg where wood engraving already flourished and which, with Basle and Strassburg, were also the centres of geographical knowledge. Not only were local and regional maps produced in considerable variety and quantity, but more particularly the geographers and mathematicians of Nuremberg are famous for their globes of the world, some of which are still preserved.

The most important map of the whole of Germany produced in this period was a manuscript dated c. 1464 by Nicholas Cusanus (Khryfts), Cardinal, humanist and scholar, friend of Toscanelli, the Italian geographer, and one of the most brilliant men of his day. The map covering Germany, Southern Scandinavia and the Baltic was printed in 1491, long after the author's death, and it served as a model for a similar map in the Nuremberg Chronicle. We have written in some detail in Chapter 4 of this famous book, first published in 1493, which contained a great number of woodcut views and maps, but as far as cartography is concerned the printing of Ptolemy's Geographia at Ulm in 1482 (and 1486) - the first edition with woodcut maps - was an event of the greatest importance. The most ambitious editions of the Ptolemy maps appeared in 1513 in Strassburg, containing not only maps of the ancient world but also twenty new ones, including one of the 'New World', based on the latest contemporary

knowledge. This was produced under the guidance of Martin Waldseemuller, a German cartographer, at St Die' in Lorraine, at that time a noted centre of learning. Other editions followed in the years up to 1 541, overlapping with the newer work of Sebastian Mu'~nster, an eminent mathematician and linguist, who settled in Basle and whose prolific output of atlases and maps contained also many plans and views of the great cities of the time. These in turn were superseded by Braun and Hogenberg's Civitates Orbis Terrarum issued in Cologne between the years 1572 and 1618, which was one of the most famous publications of the period.

In the seventeenth century Dutch supremacy in map making and publishing overshadowed Germany no less than England and France and there was to be no revival until the foundation in Nuremberg about the year 1700 of the printing firm of J. B. Homann, whose business acumen started a resurgence of map publishing. He became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and was appointed Geographer to the Emperor in 1715. The business was continued by his son, Johann Christoph, and was eventually bequeathed to the founder's son-in-law on condition that he continued the business under the name of Homann Heirs. Other notable publishing houses active during the century were run by Matthaus Seutter and Tobias Lotter in the rival city of Augsburg.

At the end of the century, between 1799 and 1804, the German naturalist and traveller, Alexander von Humboldt, made epic journeys in South America and, although not primarily a cartographer, he added immensely to knowledge of the northern areas of the continent. His travels and studies there led him to formulate new theories in the spheres of meteorology, geology and oceanography which had world-wide application. Indeed, after Napoleon and Wellington, he was the most famous man of his time in Europe and his ideas made a major contribution to German and European cartography in the nineteenth century. In particular, his assertion that maps should embrace far more than a simple topographical view induced German cartographers to publish 'physical' atlases in the modern sense which were unsurpassed until our own times.

Biographies

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY AD C. 87-C. 150

The edition of Ptolemy's Geographia printed at Ulm in 1482 was the first published outside Italy and the first with woodcut maps; it contained 26 maps based on Ptolemy and 6 'modern' maps. Later German issues are shown under the name of the appropriate cartographer. See also Appendix A for a complete list of Ptolemy editions.

Geographia 1486 Re-issued

MARTIN WALDSEEMULLER c. 1470-1518

Waldseemuuller, born in Radolfzell, a village on what is now the Swiss shore of Lake Constance, studied for the church at Freiburg and eventually settled in St Die at the Court of the Duke of Lorraine, at that time a noted patron of the arts. There, in the company of likeminded savants, he devoted himself to a study of cartography and cosmography, the outcome of which was a world map on 12 sheets, now famous as the map on which the name 'America' appears for the first time. Suggested by Waldseemuuller in honour of Amerigo Vespucci (latinised: Americus Vesputius) whom he regarded, quite inexplicably, as the discoverer of the New World, the new name became generally accepted by geographers before the error could be rectified, and its use was endorsed by Mercator on his world map printed in 1538. Although only one copy is now known of Waldseemuller's map and of the later Carta Marina (1516) they were extensively copied in various forms by other cartographers of the day. Waldseemuuller is best known for his preparation from about 1507 onwards of the maps for an issue of Ptolemy's Geographia, now regarded as the most important edition of that work. Published by other hands in Strassburg in 1513, it included 20 'modern' maps and passed through a number of editions which are noted below. It remained the most authoritative work of its time until the issue of Munster's Geographia in 1 540 and Cosmographia in 1544.

World Map (12 sheets)

1513 Ptolemy's Geographia Strassburg: 47 woodcut maps published by Jacobus Eszler and Georgius Ubelin (large folio) 1520 Strassburg: re-issued 1522 Strassburg: 50 woodcut maps, reduced in size, revised by Laurent Fries (Laurentius Frisius) and included the earliest map showing the name 'America' which is likely to be available to collectors1525 Strassburg: re-issue of 1522 maps1535 Lyon: re-issue of 1522 maps, edited by Michael Servetus who was subsequently tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1553, ostensibly because of derogatory comments in the atlas about the Holy Land - the fact that the notes in question had not even been written by Servetus, but were copied from earlier editions, left his Calvinist persecutors unmoved 1541 Vienne (Dauphine'): re-issue of the Lyon edition - the offensive comments about the Holy Land have been deleted
1516 Carta Marina: World Map on 12 sheets

PETER APIAN (PETRUS APIANUS) 1495-1552

Tipus Orbis Universa/is (World Map): woodcut on heart-shaped projection
Cosmographia: woodcut maps (4t0) 1533, 1534, '545 (including World Map on heart-shaped projection by Gemma Frisius) and numerous other editions to c. 1650
World Map: woodcut on heart-shaped projection
Europe: woodcut

Plate: MARTIN WALDSEEMULLER Tabula Moderna Germanie Strassburg 1522 (woodcut). An interesting map embracing most of Central Europe.

Plate: PETER APIAN Wor/d Map. Map on heart-shaped projection by Gemma Frisius first published in Apian's Cosmographia in 1544, .

Plate: SEBASTIAN MUNSTER Regiones Septentriona/es~5candinavia Basle 1588-1628. This woodcut map engraved 'in the copperplate manner' from Mu~nster's Cosmosgraphia replaced that used in the early editions from 1540 to 1544.

SEBASTIAN MUTNSTER 1489-1552

Following the various editions of Waldseemuller's maps, the names of three cartographers dominate the sixteenth century: Mercator, Ortelius and Munster, and of these three Munster probably had the widest influence in spreading geographical knowledge throughout Europe in the middle years of the century. His Cosmographia, issued in 1544, contained not only the latest maps and views of many well-known cities, but included an encyclopaedic amount of detail about the known - and unknown - world and undoubtedly must have been one of the most widely read books of its time, going through nearly forty editions in six languages .

An eminent German mathematician and linguist, Mu~nster became Professor of Hebrew at Heidelberg and later at Basle, where he settled in 15 29. In 1 5 28, following his first mapping of Germany, he appealed to German scholars to send him 'descriptions, so that all Germany with its villages, towns, trades etc. may be seen as in a mirror', even going so far as to give instructions on how they should 'map' their own localities. The response was far greater than expected and much information was sent by foreigners as well as Germans so that, eventually, he was able to include

many up-to-date, if not very accurate, maps in his atlases. He was the first to provide a separate map of each of the four known Continents and the first separately printed map of England. His maps, printed from woodblocks, are now greatly valued by collectors. His two major works, the Geographia and Cosmographia were published in Basle by his step-son, Henri Petri, who continued to issue many editions after Muunster's death of the plague in 1552.

Map of Germany
Typus Cosmographia Universalis 1537, 1555 Re-issued

Maps in Munster's editions of the Polyhistor by Solinus and De Situ Orbis of Pomponius Mela (8vo) 1543 Re-issued

Ptolemy's Geographia: Basle, Henri Petri: 48 maps (4t0) 1541, 1542 Re-issued 1545 Re-issued with some amendments and 6 new maps 1551,1552 Re-issue of 1545 maps

Cosmographia Universalis: Basle, Henri Petri (4t0)1545, 1546, 1548, 1550 (enlarged) and further editions, about 30 in all, to 1578: text in German, Latin, French and Italian (Italian editions printed in Venice in1575) 1588 Re-issued by Sebastian Petri, followed by four further editions: 1592, 1598, 1614, 1628. In some cases detail from earlier editions is omitted and it may well be that the maps were hastily re-engraved to prolong the life of the Cosmography in the face of competition from Ortelius and others. These were woodcut maps but engraved in the 'copperplate' manner.

1571 Munster's maps issued in an edition of Strabo's Geographia - Strabonis noblissimi et doctissimi philosophi acque geographi rerum geographicarum: Greek and Latin text: 27 separate maps and 6 in text

SIMON GRYNAEUS fl. 1532

The world map detailed below was published in a collection of voyages by John Huttich edited by Grynaeus. Apart from the elegance of its design it is important as the first printed map to indicate the rotation of the globe on its own axis.

Typus Cosmographicus Universalis (World Map): woodcut map: design attributed (doubtfully) to Hans Holbein the Younger 1537, 1555 and other re-issues

JACOB ZIEGLER 1470-1549

Quae intus continentur etc: Strassburg, containing 8 woodcut maps, 1 map of Scandinavia (the first printed map to show Finland) and 7 maps of the Biblical lands 1536 Re-issued

JOHANNES HONTER 1498-1549

C. 1542 Rudimentoruni' Cosmographicorum: 13 woodcut maps 1546, 1549, 1564, 1570 Re-issued

WOLFGANG LAZIUS 1 5 14-65

Hungarian historian and cartographer whose work was published in Vienna. His early maps of Central Europe were used by Mercator and Ortelius, among others, in the preparation of their atlases. It can be claimed that his Austrian atlas of 15 61 was one of the first three national atlases, the others being by Johann Stumpf (Switzerland, 1548-52) and Christopher Saxton (1579).

Austria: large-scale map1565 Reduced version: Venice
Hungary: large-scale map1559 Reduced version: Rome
Typi Chorographici Prouin-Austriae (Atlas of the Austrian Provinces): Vienna (published by Michael Zimmerman) First printed atlas of Austria covering the hereditary lands of the Austrian crown

PHILIPP APIAN 1531-89

1554-61 Large-scale map of Bavaria 1568 Reduced edition on 24 sheets

CASPAR VOPELL 1511-64

Typo de la Carta Cosmographica (World Map): woodcut

GEORG BRAUN 1541-1622 and FRANS HOGENBERG c. 1536-88

In Chapter 7 on Town Plans we include a description of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum and note there the dates of issue of plans of various British towns; here we confine ourselves to the general issue details of the first and subsequent editions.

1572 Civitates Orbis Terrarum Vol. 1
1575 ................ do ................... Vol.11
1581 ................ do ....................Vol.111
c. 1588 ............ do ....................Vol. IV
c. 1598 ............ do ....................Vol. V
1618 ................ do .....................Vol. VI

These volumes were published originally with Latin text followed by re-issues with German and French translations. Volume V1 comprised an issue of'Supplementary' plans. Sometime after i6~8 the plates passed into possession of Abraham Hogenberg who was responsible for a number of further re-issues and after his death the plates were acquired by Jan Jansson. Using them as a basis Jansson published an 8-volume edition and this in turn was followed by further reissues.

1652-57 Illustriorum Germania Superior (etc) urbium tabulae (town plans): 8 volumes: Latin text: Jan Jansson 1682 Re-issued by Jansson's heirs in abridged form - no text

c.1694- Theatrum praecipuarum totius Europae urbium 1700 by Frederick de Wit

1729 La Ga/erie Agreabie du Alonde, by Pieter van der Aa, reproduced many plans from plates formerlv in F. de Wit's possession

C.1750 Re-issued for the last time by Cornelis Mortier and Johannes Covens

HEINRICH BUNTING 1545-1606

C. 1581-85 Itinerarium - Sacrae Scripturae, including World Map in clover-leaf form Several re-issues in various languages as late as 1650

JOHANNES MAURITIUS (MYRITIUS) ft. 1590

Universalis orbis descriptio: World Map: woodcut (4t0)

THEODORE DE BRY C. 1527-98

De Bry was an engraver, bookseller and publisher, active in Frankfurt-am-Main, who is known to have engraved a number of charts in Waghenaer's The Mariners Mirrour published in London in 1588. In that same year, also in London, an account was published by Thomas Hariot, illustrated by the artist John White, describing Raleigh's abortive attempt to found a colony in Virginia, and this was to be the inspiration for de Bry's major work, the series of Grands Voyages and Petits Voyages. In all, 54 parts of these two works were issued containing very fine illustrations and beautiful, and now very rare, maps, much sought after by collectors.

Grands l⁷oyages: Accounts of voyages to North and South America: Frankfurt-amNiam

1590 Part 1 by Theodore de Bry, published in English, French, German, Latin

1592-97 Parts 2-6 by Theodore de Bry, published in German and Latin

1598-1602 Parts 7-9 published by de Bry's widow and his sons in German and Latin

1619-30 Parts 10-14 published by Matthaus Merian in German and Latin Petits Voyages: Accounts of voyages to India and the Far Fast: Frankfurt-am-Main

c. 1598- Parts 1-13 started . by Theodore de Bry,
1628 continued by his widow and sons and completed by Matthaus Merian, in German and Latin (Part 13 in German only)

MATTHEW QUAD 1557-1613

A German cartographer active in Cologne at the end of the sixteenth century: his maps were printed by Johannes Bussemacher.

1592 Europae tolius orbis terrarum (small folio) 1594 and 1596 Re-issued

c. 1600 Geographisch Handtbuch 1608 Maps re-issued in Fasciculus geographicus (small folio)

PHILIPP CLUVER 1580-1622

Cluver was born in Danzig and after studying at Leyden and Oxford, he became interested in historical geography; his subsequent publications made a wide and influential contribution to knowledge of the subject.

1616-31 Germania Antiqua

1619 Sicilia Antiqua 1659, C. 1724 Re-issued

1624 Italia -Antiqua 1659, 1674, 1724 Re-issued

1624 Introductionis in Uiversam Geographicam (4t0) 1667, 1676, 1683, 1711, 1729 and later issues

PHILIPP ECKEBRECHTfi. 1627-30

1630Noza Orbis Terrarum World Map to accompany the Rudolphine Tables (Star Catalogue) by Johannes Kepler - the first printed map to show parts of the North and West coasts of Australia

MATTHAUS MERIAN 1593-1650

MATTHAU5 MERIAN (son) 1621-87

Merian was a notable Swiss engraver, born in Basle, subsequently studying in Zurich and then moving to Frankfurt where he met Theodore de Bry, whose daughter he married. In Frankfurt he spent most of his working life, and with Martin Zeiller (1589-1661), a German geographer, and later with his own son, he produced a series of Topographia consisting of 21 volumes including a very large number of town plans as well as maps of most countries and a World Map a very popular work issued in many editions. He also took over and completed the later parts and editions of the Grand l⁷oyages and Petits Voyages originally started by de Bry in 1590.

c. 1640- Topographia (21 volumes)

1730

JOHANN GEORG JUNG 1583-1641

GEORG KONRAD JUNG 1612-91

1641 Deutsche Reisekarte or Totius Germaniae Novum Itinerarium The first comprehensive road map of Central Europe covering Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Bohemia and neighbouring parts of France, Italy and Poland

ATHANASIUS KIRCHER c. 1601-80

A scientific scholar, Kircher published a number of works including one on compass variations, but he is best remembered as the inventor of the magic lantern! Maps in his book Mundus Subterraneus were the first to describe tides and ocean currents besides showing the sites of all the volcanoes known at that time. Also included was a map of the island of 'Atlantis'.

c. 1665 Tabula Geographica-Hydrographica motus ocean'

HANS GEORG BODENEUR 1631-1704

1677-82 Atlas of Germany

HIOB LUDOLE 1624-1704

A German scholar who wrote a History of Ethiopia published in i68i. His map, based on details in a notable book of the time, A 1 'oyage to Abyssinia, was engraved and published by his son Christian Ludolf.

1683 Habessinza seu A bassia Presbtteri fohannis Regio

JACOB VON SANDRART 1630-1708

Active as a portrait painter in Nuremberg, Sandrart also produced a decorative map of Africa.

1700 A ccurahssima totius Africae Tabulae (engraved by J. B. Homann)

JERIMIAS WOLFF 1663-1720

C.1700-02 The World and the Continents: Augsburg

HEINRICH SCHERER 1628-1704

A professor of mathematics and cartographer in Munich, Scherer issued one of the first series of thematic atlases (1703).

1702 Atlas Alarinus
1703 Geographia politica/naturalis/hierarchia
1710 Atlas Novus

JOHANN BAPTIST HOMANN c. 1663-1724

JOHANN CHRISTOPH HOMANN c. 1703-30

Following the long period of Dutch domination, the Homann family became the most important map publishers in Germanv in the eighteenth century, the business being founded by J. B. Homann in Nuremberg about the year 1702. Soon after publishing his first atlas in 1707 he became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and, in 1715, he was appointed Geographer to the Emperor. After the founder's death in 1724, the firm was continued under the direction of his son until 1730 and was then bequeathed to his heirs on condition that it traded under the name of Homann Heirs. In fact, the firm remained in being until the next century and had a wide influence on map publishing in Germany. Apart from the atlases noted below, the firm published a very large number of individual maps.

Atlas novus terrarum 171 2 Enlarged edition with re-issues to C. 1753

C. 1 714 Neuer atlas Re-issues to c. 1730

1719 Atlas Alethodicus

1730 America Septentrionali Britannorum

1737 Grosser atlas Re-issues to c. 1770

Plate: MATTHEW QUAD World Map. First published in Cologne in 1596 in Quad's Liuropae totius orbis terrarum.

Plate: JOHANN BAPTIST HOMANN AIississipiseu Provinciae Ludovicianae Nuremberg 1719. Map of the Nussissippi and Louisiana, based on earlier maps by G. Delisle and Louis de Hennepin.

Homann Heirs (Homannische Erben)

JOHANN MICHAEL FRANZ 1700-61

JOHANN MATYHIAS HASE (HASIUS) 1684 c. 1742

JOHANN GEORG EBERSPERGER 1695 1760 and others

C.1747 Homannischer atlas Re-issues to c. 1780

C. 1 750 Atlas of Germanv

1750 Atlas of Silesia

C. 1752 Atlas compendiarus Re-issues tO 1790

1754 Bequemer Hand-atlas

1759 Atlas Geographicus Re-issues to c. 1784
1769 Atlas novus republicae Helveticae
1780 Atlasmaior

GABRIEL BODENEHR c. 1664-c. 1750

1704 Atlas cuneux (4t0)

ADAM FREIDRICH ZURNER c. 1680-1742

c. 1710 Alappa Geographica Delineatio (Maps of the Continents)

Plate: CHRISTOPH WEIGEL Insulae Malta Nuremberg c. 1720. Very decorative map with a plan of Valletta.

CHRISTOPH WEIGEL C. 1654-1725

JOHANN WEIGEL -1746

Engravers and publishers in Nuremberg: their business was carried on in later years under the name Schneider and Weigel.

1712 Atlas Scholasticus
1740 Re-issued
1720 Descriptio orbis antiqui (with J. D. Koehler)
1724 Atlas Manualis
1745 Neuer Post-Reise Atlas von Deutschland

JOHANN DAVID KOEHLER 1684-1755

Descriptio orbis antiqui (with J. and C. Weigel)
1724 At/as Manualis

GEORG MATTRAUS SEUTTER (the Older) 1678-1756

GEORG MATTHAUS SEUTTER (the Younger) 1729-60

ALBRECHT CARL SEUTTER ft. 1741

After serving an apprenticeship to J. B. Homann, the Nuremberg map publisher, Seutter set up his own very successful business in Augsburg and was appointed Geographer to the Imperial Court. With his son, Albrecht, and son-in-law, Conrad Lotter, he issued in about 1741 a large series of town plans. For much of his life he worked in competition with his old employer and, not surprisingly, his maps are often very similar to those of Homann.

C. 1720 Atlas Germanicus

1725 Atlas Geographicus

1728 Atlas Novus: Vienna and Augsburg 1730, 1736 Re-issued

c.1735 Grosser Atlas

c. 1741 Atlas novus sive tabulae geographicae totius orbis (town plans)

1744 Atlas minor (4t0 with folded maps)

JOHANN MATTHIAS HASE (HASIUS) 1684 - c. 1742

Also published maps as a member of the firm of 'Homann Heirs'.

1737 America secundum Re-issues to 1745

1746 Atlantis historici Hasiani

1746 Americae mappa generalis

JOHANN GEORG SCHREIBER 1676-1745

C. 1740 Atlas Selectus 1749 Re-issued

TOBIAS CONRAD LOTTER 1717-77

GEORG ERIEDRICH LOTTER fl. 1762~87

NIATHIAS ALBRECHT LOTTER 1741-1810

Tobias Lotter was a German publisher and engraver who married the daughter of the elder Matthaus Seutter. He engraved many of Seutter's maps and eventually succeeded to the business in 1756, becoming one of the better-known cartographers in the eighteenth-century German School. After his death the business was carried on by his son, M. A Lotter.

c.1744 A1tlas Minor

c. 1760-62 Atlas Geographicus portabilis

c. 1770 Atlas Novus

1776 A Map 0f the most inhabited part 0f New England

1778 Atlas Geographique

1778 (M. A. Lotter) World Map showing Cook's voyages

GERHARD FRIEDRICH MLLLER fl. 1754

1754 Nouvelle Carte des Decouz'ertes faites par des Vaseaux Russiens 1758, 1773, 1784 Re-issued

PETER ANICH 1723-66

1774 Atlas Tyrolensis (Blasius Hueber)

FRANZ ANTON SCHRAMBL 1751-1803

In the last decades of the eighteenth centurv Anton Schrambl and Joseph von Reilly led a successful revival of map making in Vienna. Completion of Schrambl's ambitious World Atlas, started in 1786, based on the best available sources of the time, was much delayed and the maps were issued piecemeal year by year until the whole atlas appeared in 1800. 1786-1800 Algemeiner Grosser At/as

FRANZ JOHANN JOSEPH VON REILLY 1766-1820

Joseph von Reilly was a Viennese art dealer who in his early twenties turned to map publishing, and between the years 1789 and 1806 produced a total of no less than 830 maps. His Schauplatz.. . . der Welt (World Atlas) in fact covered only maps of Europe, whilst the Grosser Deutscher Atlas also included maps of other continents and was, therefore, the first World Atlas produced by an Austrian.

1789-1806 Schauplatz der funf Theile der Welt
1794-96 Grosser Deutscher Atlas

JOHANN G. A. JAEGER 1718-90

1789 Grand Atlas d'A//emagne

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT 1769-1859

Traveller, naturalist, geologist, famous for his exploration in Venezuela (1799-1800) and his subsequent publications.

1805 - 14 Maps in Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland Numerous re-issues
1811 - 1 2 Atlas Gegographique et Phisique de Royaume de Ia Nouvel/e Espagne
1814-34 Atlas du Nouz'eau Continent

ADAM CHRISTIAN GASPARI 1752-1830

1804 -11 Allgemeiner hand-atlas 1821 Re-issued

CARL FERDINAND WEILAND 1782-1847

1824 - 28 Atlas von Amerika
1828-48 Allgemeiner hand-atlas

ADOLF STIELER 1775-1836

1826-28 Hand Atlas Numerous re-issues throughout the centurv

WILHELM ERNST AUGUST VON SCHLIEBEN 1781 - 1839

1829 Atlas of Furope
1830 Atlas of America

Plate: GEORG MATTHAUS SEUTTER World Augsburg C. 1730. A splendid map with interesting insets of the polar regions.

Plate: TOBIAS CONRAD LOTTER Nouvelle France ou du Canada Augsburg c. 1755 . Although Newfoundland is somewhat misshapen this is a highly decorative and attractive map, typical of the period.

HEINRICH BERGHAU5 1797-1884

Berghaus founded a School of Geography at Potsdam where he came into contact with, and was much influenced by, Alexander von Humboldt, whose ideas of physical geography he incorporated in a Physikalischer At/as issued in sections over the years 1837-48. This was an important and influential work on the subject with a very wide international circulation.

1832-43 Atlas von Asia
1837-48 Physikalischer Atlas: Gotha (published by J. Perthes)

Specialist References

BAGROW, L. History of Cartographic

GROSJEAN, G. and KINAUER, R., Kartenkunst und Kartentechnik

KOEM AN, C. A tlantes Neerlandici

Although this work covers Dutch Atlases it also includes a detailed account of Braun and Hogenberg's Civitates Orbis Terrarum

NORDENSKIOLD, A. E., Facsimile Atlas to the Early History of Cartography

History and reproductions of Ptolemaic and other early maps

SHIRLEY, R. w., The Mapping of the World

Numerous examples of early German maps with descriptive detail

THEATRUS ORBIS TERARUM NV

Braun and Hogenherg: Civitates Orbis Terrarum

Lazius: Austria

Ptolemy: Geographia/Cosmoeraphia 1482, 1513, 1540

Quad: Geographisch Handtbuch

Reproductions of complete atlases

TOOLEY, R. V., Maps and Map Makers

The authors are indebted to the Service Documentation of the Mairie de Saint-Die-des-Vosges and the Stadtarchiv of the Grosse Kreisstadt Radolfzell am Bodensee for information (on pages 286-7) on the life (and death) of Waldseemuller, for details of the printing of the Cosmographiae Introductio and for extracts of the work of former Stadtarchivdirektor Dr Franz Laubenberger (1976), Kreisarchivar Dr Franz Gotz (I 964) and Albert Ronsin in Decouverte et Baptime de /'-Amirique, Montreal, 1976, G. le Pape.